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| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
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| Year : 2020 | Volume
: 38
| Issue : 2 | Page : 81-87 |
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Association of the attachment styles with depression, anxiety, and quality of life in patients with psoriasis
Onur Okan Demirci1, Bilge Ates2, Eser Sagaltici3, Zehra Gizem Ocak4, Ilknur Kivanc Altunay5
1 Department of Psychology, Istanbul Gelisim University, Istanbul, Turkey
2 Department of Dermatology, Estetik International Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
3 Department of Psychiatry, Bagcilar Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
4 Department of Psychology, Support to Life Association, Istanbul, Turkey
5 Dermatology and Venereology Clinic, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| Date of Submission | 24-Jun-2019 |
| Date of Decision | 02-Jan-2020 |
| Date of Acceptance | 18-Sep-2020 |
| Date of Web Publication | 29-May-2020 |
Correspondence Address:
Dr. Onur Okan Demirci
Department of Psychology, Istanbul Gelisim University, Istanbul
Turkey
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | 10 |
DOI: 10.4103/ds.ds_35_19
Objectives: This is a cross-sectional study to investigate the attachment styles and their impact on depression, anxiety, and quality of life in people with psoriasis. Methods: All participants completed socio-demographic and illness specific questionnaires along with Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Adult Attachment Style Scale (AASS). 100 individuals with psoriasis and 130 individuals with no dermatological problems participated in the study. Results: HADS scores for depression (38% versus 15.4%, P < .001) and anxiety (28% versus 6.9%, P < .001) were higher in participants with psoriasis compared to the healthy participants in the control group. AASS scores of participants for anxious/ambivalent attachment (13.7±4.0 versus 13.3±3.9, P = .465), secure attachment (15.8±4.4 versus 16.2±3.9, p = .510), and avoidant attachment (11.0±3.6 versus 11.3±3.6, P = .598) did not differ significantly in two groups. There was a significant correlation between DLQI scores and anxious/ambivalent attachment scores of participants with psoriasis (P < .05, r = .222). HADS scores of participants with psoriasis were also found significantly correlated with insecure attachment styles; anxious/ambivalent attachment (depression, P < .001/ anxiety, P < .001), avoidant attachment (depression, p < .001/ anxiety, p < .01). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that there is a relationship between the insecure attachment styles and depression, anxiety and reduced quality of life in people with psoriasis and also support the idea that attachment insecurities can impair the physiological stress response by increasing the perceived stress in these patients.
Keywords: Psoriasis, attachment, life quality, depression, anxiety
How to cite this article:
Demirci OO, Ates B, Sagaltici E, Ocak ZG, Altunay IK. Association of the attachment styles with depression, anxiety, and quality of life in patients with psoriasis. Dermatol Sin 2020;38:81-7 |
How to cite this URL:
Demirci OO, Ates B, Sagaltici E, Ocak ZG, Altunay IK. Association of the attachment styles with depression, anxiety, and quality of life in patients with psoriasis. Dermatol Sin [serial online] 2020 [cited 2023 Jun 6];38:81-7. Available from: https://www.dermsinica.org/text.asp?2020/38/2/81/285352 |
| Introduction | |  |
Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune skin disease which often presents psychosocial comorbidities.[1] It has long been found to be associated with stress, depression, anxiety, and reduced quality of life.[2] Although some studies have shown conflicting results,[3] there is strong evidence that emotional stress plays an important role in the precipitation and aggravation of psoriasis by affecting immune functions.[4] Besides, the recent studies with larger samples have found higher frequency of schizophrenia in psoriatic patients compared to the general population, which strengthens the relationship between the immunomediated neuropsychiatric diseases and psoriasis.[5],[6]
Attachment is the emotional bond between the infant and the caregiver, characterized by specific behaviors in children, such as seeking proximity to the caregiver when distressed or threatened.[7],[8] Secure or insecure attachment styles are established in childhood and continue to function lifelong. According to the attachment theory, the infant's thoughts and feelings on self and others are formed through the relationship between the infant and the caregiver, which referred as ”internal working models.”[8] The internal working model is a template for later attachments, which maintains attachment insecurities and influences adult relationships. Bowlby defines secure attachment type with involved and caring parent and insecure attachment type with an inconsistent, neglectful, and interfering parent. Securely attached individuals develop well-organized internal working models of self in which they feel being loved and adequate, build close relationships without fear of abandonment, and they are able to cope with negative affect. On the other hand, insecurely attached individuals tend to have negative expectations from their interactions, avoid close relationships to prevent loss and rejection, and feel inadequate in regulating their emotions.[7],[8],[9] Insecure attachment styles are known as “avoidant” and “anxious/ambivalent.”[10] Individuals with avoidant attachment style have negative thoughts on others, and therefore, they avoid close relationships, while individuals with anxious/ambivalent attachment style have negative thoughts on self yet value others which results with constant need of love and approval from others.[11] Besides, people with anxious/ambivalent attachment styles are found to have involuntary and recurring thoughts following a negative experience,[12] and people with avoidant attachment styles are thought to perceive a higher threat in case of a stressful event.[13] Inadequate early attachment experiences lead to attachment insecurities and consequently impair individuals' stress responses, help-seeking behaviors, and hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis that meditates involuntary stress regulation.[14] A number of scientific reports exist regarding the relationship between attachment styles and dermatological psychosomatic diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, alopecia areata, vitiligo, and chronic urticaria, with a general consensus that attachment insecurities are more common in patients with dermatological problems compared to control subjects.[4]
The type of attachment relationship has recently become a more important guide to understand the underlying mechanisms of chronic autoimmune diseases and psychosomatic illnesses. However, there is still a lack of studies that have directly investigated its impact on psoriasis.[4],[15] In fact, the etiopathogenesis of psoriasis remains unclear until today, although it has existed since Hippocrates' days.[1]
There is also a research gap in the existing literature concerning the link between psoriasis and attachment insecurities. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the attachment styles and their impact on depression, anxiety, and quality of life in people with psoriasis.
| Materials and Methods | | |
The study took place between July 2012 and December 2012. Participants consisted of 100 patients diagnosed with psoriasis, registered in the Department of Dermatology, Sisli Etfal Hospital, 130 healthy controls from hospital personnel, and patient relatives with no skin problem who are matched to the psoriasis patients with regard to age, gender, and education level. The study was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration, with the approval of the Ethics Review Board of Istanbul Sisli Etfal Research and Training Hospital (Approval no. 116 obtained on October 23th, 2012). Written informed consent was obtained from each participant.
Participants
Inclusion criteria were as follows: age between 19 and 80 years, a diagnosis of psoriasis, a minimum education of the elementary school, and voluntary participation in the study. Participants were checked for the following exclusion criteria: additional skin problems, mental retardation, and current major psychiatric or medical problems. All participants completed sociodemographic and illness-specific questionnaires along with the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Adult Attachment Style Scale (AASS). Psoriasis patients also completed the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS).
Tools
Sociodemographic questionnaire
This form provides general questionnaire covering age, gender, education level, marital status, and socioeconomic status, additional systemic diseases (diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart diseases, and thyroid diseases), illness-specific information including the area, severity, and duration of psoriasis, and stressful life events in the past 3 months.
Psoriasis area and severity index
The PASI was developed in 1978 by Fredriksson et al. as a tool to measure the severity and treatment efficacy of psoriasis. It combines assessments of the skin affected by psoriasis in four body areas: the head, the upper limbs, the trunk, and the lower limbs. For each area, the percentage of skin affected by psoriasis is represented with a numerical score from 0 to 6. Within each area, the severity is estimated by three psoriatic plaque signs: erythema, thickness/induration, and desquamation/scaling and scored on a 5-point scale of 0 (none) to 4 (very severe).[16] The final PASI score of 10 and more indicates moderate and severe psoriasis.[17]
Visual analog scale
The VAS is a self-report measure consisting of a 10 cm horizontal or vertical line with a statement at each end representing the extremes of feeling. The participants mark on the line the point that represents their perception of their current state. In this study, VAS scores were used to assess the severity of the itchiness. The scores were determined by measuring the distance (mm) between the word descriptors of “no itch” and “extreme itch.”[18]
Dermatology life quality index
The linguistic validation of the Turkish version of the DLQI was performed by Oztürkcan et al.[19] It was designed to be used in dermatology patients over the age of 16 years. It consists of 10 questions concerning aspects such as symptoms and feelings, daily activities, leisure, work or school, personal relationships, and treatment. Each question is scored from 0 to 3 and added to yield a total score between 0 and 30. Higher scores indicate a greater impairment of the patient's quality of life and 10 and more indicates moderate or severe psoriasis. The Cronbach's alpha was 0.85.[19],[20] In this study, Cronbach's alpha was found as 0.82.
Hospital anxiety and depression scale
The HADS is a self-rating scale developed to detect the presence and severity of depression and anxiety in primary care patients and the general medical population of patients.[21] The validity and reliability study for the Turkish version of the HADS was performed by Aydemir et al.[22] The HADS questionnaire consists of 14 questions divided equally between two subscales, anxiety (odd numbered items) and depression (even numbered items), with a 4-point Likert scale for each item. Two subscales are scored separately, and the total score ranges between 0 and 21 for either anxiety or depression. The Turkish version of HADS data identified a cutoff point of 10/11 for anxiety subscale and 7/8 for depression subscale. Scores higher than the cutoff points on either subscale indicate a risk group. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for HADS anxiety subscale was 0.85 and for depression subscale was 0.77. In this study, Cronbach's alpha coefficient for anxiety subscale was found as 0.70, and for depression subscale, it was found as 0.84.
Adult attachment style scale
The AASS consists of two parts. The first part developed by Hazan and Shaver is formed by three sets of statements, each describing the general behavior patterns of the three adult attachment styles; secure, ambivalent, and avoidant.[23] The second part developed by Mikulincer includes 15 items that represent each attachment style with 5 items to identify the attachment style with the highest value on the scale.[24] The translation validity and reliability study for the Turkish version of the AASS were performed by Kesebir et al.[25] The scale was reorganized by decomposing the original items into a series of 18 items, with 6 items representing each attachment style, scored on a 5-point Likert scale (5 - totally agree and 1 - totally disagree) to identify three adult attachment styles; secure, anxious/ambivalent, and avoidant. The highest scores determine individuals' attachment styles. Therefore, using the average scores was found to be more efficient for making evaluations and especially comparisons with this scale. Three independent factors were obtained in factor analysis; the AASS demonstrated a Cronbach's alpha of 0.72 for secure, 0.82 for avoidant, and 0.85 for anxious/ambivalent. In this study, Cronbach's alpha was found 0.72 for secure, 0.78 for avoidant, and 0.77 for anxious/ambivalent.
Statistical analysis
Mean values, standard deviations (SDs), ratio levels, and frequency distributions were calculated for descriptive statistics. Kolmogorov–Smirnov was performed to see if the data are normally distributed. The analysis of the quantitative data was carried out by independent samples t-test and Mann–Whitney U-test. Chi-square test was used for the analysis of the qualitative data. Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated between quantitative variables that satisfied the conditions of normality, as determined by the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Otherwise, Spearman's correlation coefficient was preferred. All data from the study were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
| Results | | |
Psoriatic patients and controls did not significantly differ on gender, age, education level, marital status, socioeconomic status, the presence of stressful life events in the past 3 months, and additional systemic diseases (P >.05) [Table 1]. | Table 1: Comparison of the sociodemographic attributes of patients and controls
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Patients' duration of illness varied from 15 days to 40 years and has a mean of 82 ± 84.2 months. The participants scored between 1 and 34.8 (mean = 8.1, SD = 6.9) on PASI, and 22% of the scores were 10 or more (moderate or severe psoriasis). DLQI scores ranged between 0 and 25 (mean = 8.7, SD = 6.0), and 41% of the scores were 10 or more (moderate or severe psoriasis). 69% of the patients experienced itch, and VAS scores had a mean of 4.4 (SD = 3.6) for the severity of the itchiness. Psoriatic lesions were mostly found on the trunk (73%), followed by scalp (51%) and hands (49%) [Table 2].
Psoriatic patients had significantly higher scores on the anxiety subscale of the HADS (mean = 7.5, SD = 3.9) compared to controls (mean = 5.7, SD = 2.7 (P < 0.001). There was also a significant difference in the number of participants who scored 10 or more on the anxiety subscale between psoriatic patients (28%) and controls (6.9%) (P < 0.001) [Table 3]. | Table 3: Comparison of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale anxiety and depression scores in patients and controls
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Psoriatic patients had significantly higher scores on the depression subscale of the HADS (mean = 5.8, SD = 4.4) compared to controls (mean = 4.6, SD = 2.9 (P = 0.015). There was also a significant difference in the number of participants who scored 7 or more on the depression subscale between psoriatic patients (38%) and controls (15.4%) (P < 0.001) [Table 3].
There was a significant positive correlation between VAS and depression (HADS) (P < 0.01), as well as VAS and PASI scores (P < 0.01). DLQI scores were also significantly and positively correlated with anxiety scores (P < 0.05), depression scores (P < 0.01), itch severity (P < 0.001), and PASI scores (P < 0.001) [Table 4]. | Table 4: Effects of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale anxiety and depression scores on clinical findings and life quality in patients with psoriasis (n=100)
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AASS scores for secure, anxious/ambivalent, and avoidant attachment styles did not differ significantly between psoriatic patients and controls (P > 0.05) [Table 5].
There was no correlation between AASS scores for secure, anxious/ambivalent and avoidant attachment styles and PASI and VAS (P > 0.05). Anxious/ambivalent attachment style was significantly correlated with DLQI scores (P < 0.05), while there was no correlation between secure and avoidant attachment styles and DLQI scores (P > 0.05) [Table 6]. Anxious/ambivalent attachment styles had a greater impact on psoriatic patients' quality of life. | Table 6: Effects of Adult Attachment Style Scale scores on clinical findings, life quality, anxiety, and depression scores in patients with psoriasis (n=100)
Click here to view |
Psoriatic patients' HADS scores for anxiety subscale were significantly positively correlated with AASS scores for anxious/ambivalent (P < 0.001) and avoidant attachment styles (P < 0.01) and significantly negatively correlated with AASS scores for secure attachment style (P < 0.01) [Table 6]. Anxiety scores were higher for psoriatic patients with insecure attachment styles (anxious/ambivalent and avoidant).
Psoriatic patients' HADS scores for depression subscale were significantly positively correlated with AASS scores for anxious/ambivalent and avoidant attachment styles (P < 0.001) and significantly negatively correlated with AASS scores for secure attachment style (P < 0.001) [Table 6]. Depression scores were higher for psoriatic patients with insecure attachment styles (anxious/ambivalent and avoidant).
| Discussion | | |
Psoriasis is known for its strong associations with psychological and psychosomatic factors. This association creates a vicious cycle in which psoriasis is precipitated by an underlying psychological factor and aggravated by the psychiatric comorbidities, such as anxiety and depression, resulting from the psychosocial impact of having a chronic skin disease.[26] The prevalence of depression and anxiety in patients with psoriasis is 20%–30% and 35%–45%, respectively.[27] Looking at the HADS scores, we found that psoriatic patients had higher rates of than depression (38% vs. 15.4%) and anxiety (28% vs. 6.9%) subscales in comparing with the controls.
The attachment styles predict individuals' defensive reactions to threats and danger, thus affect their autonomic and endocrine responses to stressors.[28] Securely attached individuals manage to maintain a sense of self-worth and respond to stress by seeking support from others to regulate stress in challenging situations. On the other hand, the attachment insecurity causes alterations in HPA axis (impaired cortisol response to stressors), increases in inflammatory cytokine levels, disrupts the activity of immune system cells and immune response, and thus, creates a predisposition to autoimmune skin diseases.[4],[15],[28] In fact, previous studies pointed out that attachment insecurity was more common in patients with autoimmune skin diseases including atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, alopecia areata, vitiligo, and chronic urticaria compared to controls.[4],[15]
In this study, we found that psoriatic patients and controls had relatively similar AASS scores for secure, anxious/ambivalent, and avoidant attachment styles. Moreover, we did not found a significant correlation between AASS scores for secure, anxious/ambivalent and avoidant attachment styles and PASI and VAS. Not all studies supported the attachment styles' association with psoriasis. Picardi et al. investigated the impact of psychosomatic factors on precipitation and aggravation of psoriasis and failed to find a relationship between them. However, subgroup analysis indicated that psychosomatic factors might play a role in guttate and diffuse plaque psoriasis.[15] Picardi et al. further investigated the role of psychosomatic factors in 33 patients with diffuse plaque psoriasis who experienced aggravation in the past 3 months and found that avoidant attachment style and lack of social support might increase susceptibility to the aggravation of diffuse plaque psoriasis, through impaired emotional regulation. Furthermore, Janković et al. compared the role of psychosomatic factors in psoriatic patients experiencing aggravation during the last 6 months and controls and found greater number of stressful life events, less social support, and insecure attachment styles in psoriatic patients.[4] It is believed that attachment insecurity leads to some skin conditions through increased susceptibility to stress and reduced social support and self-worth.[3],[4]
Interestingly, both studies that found a positive correlation between attachment insecurity and psoriasis were conducted with a sample of patients who experienced aggravation in the last 3–6 months. However, we recruited psoriatic patients without such inclusion criteria. Although the attachment styles are formed in early childhood, they develop throughout the lifespan.[29] It is believed that stressful life events may result with changes in attachment styles.[30],[31] Therefore, it is possible that the anxious/ambivalent and avoidant patterns in the attachment styles might be increased due to recent aggravations in psoriatic symptoms. In addition, both these studies and ours used a self-report questionnaire to identify the attachment styles, which might affect the validity of the results. The clinical interview is, in fact, the most reliable way to identify attachment styles.[32]
We found a positive correlation between DLQI scores of psoriatic patients and anxious/ambivalent attachment style, which indicates that anxious/ambivalent attachment styles had a greater impact on psoriatic patients' quality of life. To the best of our knowledge, no studies have investigated attachment styles' impact on the quality of life in psoriatic patients. Securely attached individuals' ability to either rely on their internal resources to cope with stressful situations or seek support from others to regulate their stress increases their quality of life, whereas anxious/ambivalent individuals' quality of life reduces by their exaggerated anxiety when facing the illness.[33] Among 100 individuals with physical disabilities, Hwang et al. found that securely attached participants' quality of life was less affected by their condition since they have a greater life satisfaction and self-worth and respond to stress by seeking support from others.[34] Rabung et al.'s study with 124 patients with atopic dermatitis showed that securely attached participants' quality of life was less affected by the severity of their disease and perceived social support was higher.[35] In Dieris-Hirche et al.'s study with 62 patients with atopic dermatitis, reduced quality of life was found correlated with attachment insecurities.[36]
Psoriatic patients' HADS scores for anxiety and depression were significantly positively correlated with AASS scores for anxious/ambivalent and avoidant attachment styles. There is no any study that investigated the attachment styles' impact on psychiatric comorbidities, such as depression and anxiety in psoriatic patients.
Previous findings showed that anxious/ambivalent attachment style was related to a negative view of self, feelings of hostility, and predisposition to depression.[37] The relationship between attachment insecurity and depression is affected by low self-esteem and dysfunctional attitudes.[38] Moreover, it is believed that seeking approval from others is a pattern of anxious/ambivalent attachment style, and it predicts predisposition for depression.[39],[40] In other words, attachment anxiety evokes a constant need for attention, love and safety, and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluations by others.[33],[34],[35] As for the avoidant attachment style, it might be thought that avoidance protects the individual from depression by decreasing the risk of sensitivity to negative evaluations of others. However, the existing literature demonstrates mixed results on this subject. There are findings proving that avoidance is in fact related to rejection sensitivity and predisposition to depression.[40],[32]
There is also a relationship between attachment insecurities and anxiety disorders. Warren et al. suggested that children and adolescents with anxious/ambivalent attachment style are under high risk of developing anxiety disorders.[41] Individuals with avoidant attachment style are more likely to develop social phobia since they avoid relationships with others.[42]
Overall, we did not find a significant difference between psoriasis patients and controls, regarding attachment styles. However, in line with our expectation, psoriasis patients with insecure attachment styles were more affected by anxiety, depression, and reduced quality of life compared to controls. The limitation of this study was its cross-sectional design, due to which we may not draw conclusions about the direction of causality. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that investigated the association between attachment styles and depression, anxiety, and quality of life in people with psoriasis; these data warrant further replication studies.
| Conclusion | | |
This study confirms the relevance of attachment styles in the course of psoriasis. Although the attachment styles are formed in early childhood and remain consistent, they still develop with interaction. Therefore, these findings may contribute to the doctor–patient relationship and the treatment plan with psychosocial and psychopharmacologic interventions for underlying psychosocial factors and treat psoriasis more effectively.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
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[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4], [Table 5], [Table 6]
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| Yu-Ju Chou, Ying-Hsuan Tai, Ying-Xiu Dai, Din-Dar Lee, Yun-Ting Chang, Tzeng-Ji Chen, Mu-Hong Chen | | CNS Spectrums. 2022; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 5 |
Association between sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors and risk of psoriasis in patients with diabetes mellitus: a nationwide population-based cohort study |
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| Sheng-Hsiang Ma, Chun-Ying Wu, Ying-Syuan Lyu, Yiing-Jenq Chou, Yun-Ting Chang, Chen-Yi Wu | | Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 6 |
Abnormal functional connectivity in psoriasis patients with depression is associated with their clinical symptoms |
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| Xiaoxu Wang, Ni Liu, Lingjun Wu, Yanan Zhang, Guangzhong Zhang | | Frontiers in Neuroscience. 2022; 16 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 7 |
Prenatal infection predisposes offspring to enhanced susceptibility to imiquimod-mediated psoriasiform dermatitis in mice |
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| Sebastian Yu, Chia-Wen Lee, Yu-An Li, Tsung-Hsi Chen, Hsin-Su Yu | | Dermatologica Sinica. 2022; 40(1): 14 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 8 |
Drug survival of biologic agents in patients with psoriatic arthritis from a medical center in southern Taiwan |
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| Sebastian Yu, Yu-Hsiang Tsao, Hung-Pin Tu, Cheng-CheE Lan | | Dermatologica Sinica. 2022; 40(1): 20 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 9 |
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and the Associated Risk of Autoimmune Skin Diseases: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study |
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| Ying-Xiu Dai, Ying-Hsuan Tai, Yun-Ting Chang, Tzeng-Ji Chen, Mu-Hong Chen | | Psychosomatic Medicine. 2021; 83(3): 212 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 10 |
Risk of retinal diseases in patients with psoriasis: A population-based cohort study in Taiwan |
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| Ying-Xiu Dai, Ying-Hsuan Tai, Din-Dar Lee, Yun-Ting Chang, Tzeng-Ji Chen, Mu-Hong Chen | | The Journal of Dermatology. 2021; 48(10): 1550 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
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